The emergence of international norms aimed at protecting children is one of the most significant developments in modern international law. In this regard, the abolition of child labor was one of the most important developments that were followed by the General Conference of the International labor Organization after the formation of the League of Nations. Today, one of the four fundamental principles of fundamental labor rights in the 1998 Declaration of Fundamental rights is “, the abolition of the worst forms of child labor”, . On the other hand, in recent years, one of the most important tools for the development of human rights has been the interpretation of the European Convention on Human rights, which is presented by the European Court of Human rights. Therefore, in this study, the question arises: “, To what extent has the European Court of Human rights ruled in the development of the rights of working children? ”,In conclusion, this hypothesis has been confirmed that “, the court, with a static interpretation approach and by referring its judgments to the main sources of international law, plays an influential role in the development of the rights of working children, albeit gradually. ”,The method used in this research is descriptive-analytical and library tools, documents and electronic resources have been used to collect data.

Child labor is one of the critical issues in today's world that cannot be accepted by anyone. And it has been considered in international and domestic laws. This descriptive-analytical research was done with the aim of explaining the prohibition of child labor in the labor laws of Iran and Afghanistan and Convention182 of the International labor Organization. The research findings show,Causes of increased child labor,Poverty, economic crisis, lack of education, etc. International labor Organization in Convention 182 examples of the worst types of child labor such as,Forced employment of children in armed conflicts, using children for prostitution, making obscene images, Slavery, the sale and trafficking of children, the production and trafficking of narcotics, and the employment of children in unhealthy activities, have been introduced, and the member states have been asked to prohibit and eradicate them. This issue has been emphasized in the laws of Afghanistan and Iran. Despite the passage of many laws, both countries still suffer from this problem. But Iran's labor rights are more in line with the International labor Organization's Convention 182 than Afghanistan's labor rights, and have better implementation guarantees, and children have a relatively good situation.

According to statistics, more than 80% percent of the world’ s goods are transferred by merchant ship lines. As reported by the latest statistics 11 billion tons of goods are transported by ship each year. Hence, the global economy is dependent on maritime transport, and its lack causes countries to face a crisis. Therefore, the establishment of decent work in the environments of merchant ships for seafarers has fundamental importance. Merchant ships of the world that are registered in more than 150 countries employ more than 1. 5 million seafarers. In this study, using a descriptive-analytical method, the findings of this study show that the Maritime labor Convention enacted minimum standards for the living and working environment for seafarers at the international level. In fact, this convention is considered the fourth pillar of maritime international regulation that was created to help in establishing a situation for decent work. In addition, the convention expresses fundamental rights and principles that seafarers face in relation to the condition of work and living onboard. Therefore, they have rights that should be observed by ship owners and the state flag is binding to confirm the situation of ships to the requirements of the convention. In addition, in decent maritime work, seafarers have a job, and they will be entitled to have the right of social support. In other words, other factors in the environment, including freedom of assembly and of association, the prohibition of discrimination in employment, the observance of the minimum age, the prohibition of children under 16, the minimum wage proportional to the minimum subsistence, the existence of social security, unemployment insurance, rehabilitation, empowerment of women through the acquisition of appropriate job opportunities and the existence of social dialogue between the employer, the employee, and the government is also mandatory.

labor contract for intellectual property production is one of the most common contracts for getting investment and proficiency together. Today, investors try to sign a labor contract with employees in return for suitable consideration to finally appropriate the economic rights of produced intellectual property. In such contracts, the concept of term subordination of the employee to the employer has a particular meaning. In addition, it should be stated that in various situations, the consideration surrendered to the employee has by far less value than the benefits through which employer acquires. In this regard, under the statutes of many countries, paying fair remuneration to the employee acquired through exploitation and commercialization has become a necessary affair.

Background: Delivery is one of the most important crises with mental, social, and deep emotional dimensions in women’s life.Health providers’ respect to pregnant women’s Bill of rights, as an important component of providing humanistic and ethical care, is of utmost importance. This study aimed to determine health providers’ compliance with the pregnant women’s Bill of rights in labor and delivery and some of its related factors in 2013.Materials and Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out on the subjects selected through census sampling (N=257) from among the healthcare providers working in the labor rooms of four educational hospitals. The data were collected by a self-reported questionnaire whose validity and reliability were established. Data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics.Results: The compliance with pregnant women’s Bill of rights was found to be at a very high level in 22.8% of the midwifery students, 28.6% of the residents of obstetrics and gynecology, 21.9% of the interns, 50% of the obstetrics and gynecology faculty members (professors), and 31.9% of the midwives. There was a significant difference between the five groups of service providers in terms of overall compliance with mothers’ rights (P=0.002). The results showed that the residents in higher years of education (P=0.001), midwifery students in higher semesters (P=0.001), midwives with more work experience (P<0.001), and personal experience of being hospitalized in labor room (P<0.001) had a higher compliance with Bill of rights. Meanwhile, there was no significant difference in compliance with Bill of rights between labor and age (P=0.82).Conclusions: The results showed that the health providers’ compliance with the pregnant women’s Bill of rights was not acceptable in the labor room. Therefore, necessary actions are needed to remove the barriers against pregnant women’s compliance of Bill of rights and to facilitate the compliance with it in hospitals.

Human procreation and its various features are among the most important topics worldwide. One of the areas of this analysis deals with international human rights documents because these documents show international trends in reproductive rights. Therefore, this paper aims to prepare a venue to understand the definition, nature or entity, scope and content, right - holder and duty bearer, and the obligations of duty-bearers regarding others’ reproductive rights in international human rights organizations. The findings indicated there is no specific and agreed definition of reproductive rights in these human rights documents. The theories (Hohfeld’s theory about a right, the Will - Choice Theory, and the Benefit - Interest Theory) cannot justify the nature of reproductive rights well. There are many epistemological challenges regarding the content and the scope of these reproductive rights and related states’ obligations in those treaties, which made the realization of these reproductive rights difficult or even impossible.

Women constitute a large part of the Iranian carpet weaving population, who usually weave carpets at home without an employer and are deprived of compulsory social insurance. The carpet weaving insurance law passed in 2009 gave them the opportunity to use social insurance, but a group of women carpet weavers from the suburbs of Tabriz are being studied who, despite their full-time employment, could not enjoy the support of the legislature. Why not having access to the law is the main question. Qualitative method and semi-structured in-depth interviews were used to collect data. Data analysis with thematic method in the intersectional theoretical framework shows that unequal interpersonal and in-group relationships, structural barriers, cultural and ideological justifications, and the disciplinary and administrative regulation in relation to each other have led to the deprivation of these women from labor rights. Women carpet weavers are marginalized not only because of their gender, but also because of their intertwined status with their location, economic-social class, and age, which even the Iranian legal system seeks to enact laws and regulation to support them, it is not available. The labor law system, with its narrow definition of worker, does not recognize women carpet weavers as workers and does not provide an appropriate mechanism to ensure their access to labor rights. The authors conclude that the persistence of social inequalities even with the enactment of some protected laws by the legal system, such as carpet weavers’ insurance will be better understood by the method of intersectional analysis.

The phenomenon of child labor is one of the social harms whose emergence and expansion result from a range of complex and intertwined social and economic factors. Simultaneously, it also generates further social harms. The aim of this study is to examine the civil rights of working children as articulated in international documents and Iranian law. This research is of a fundamental and theoretical nature, and the method of data analysis is descriptive-analytical, based on qualitative methodology. Data were collected through documentary and library research. Findings indicate that the civil rights of working children in both international instruments and Iranian law are shaped by a set of laws and conventions aimed at protecting children's rights and preventing their exploitation. Despite the existence of comprehensive legal frameworks, serious challenges remain regarding the effective enforcement of these rights, especially in countries where poverty and social inequality are widespread. In Iran, although national laws address the protection of working children's rights, there is a recognized need to strengthen supervision, raise public awareness, and enhance international cooperation to improve the condition of these children. Therefore, the actual realization of the civil rights of working children requires joint action by governments, non-governmental organizations, and civil society to create a safe and supportive environment for their growth and development. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that Iran pay greater attention to international cooperation in the field of children's rights. Participation in global programs and projects can facilitate the exchange of experiences and best practices, thereby contributing to the improvement of the situation of working children in the country.